Gramer - Kara, made, naide, nasai

Made (まで) is a particle used to indicate the limit. Its translation depends on the sentence but in general its similar to the English words,

   ● up to
   ● until
   ● as far as


   This train goes as far as Tokyo = kono densha wa toukyou made ikimasu (この電車は、東京まで行きます)

   Till what time? = nanji made? (何時まで？)

   Till now, Thank you = ima made arigatou (今までありがとう)



   Kara (から) can mean different things but in this lesson we will only cover one of its uses. It's close to the English word from.

   Came to Canada = kanada ni kita (カナダに来た)

   Came from Canada = kanada kara kita (カナダから来た)

   As you can see in the above sentence if you replace the particle ni with kara, the meaning changes.

   Where did you come from = doko kara kimashita ka
   (どこから来ましたか)

   Letter from Mother = okaasan kara no tegami (お母さんからの手紙)


   Kara and made are often seen together in the same sentence.

   From today till tomorrow (I will) study = kyou kara ashita made benkyou shimasu (今日から明日まで勉強します)


   In Morning, from 9-5 (I have) work = asa kuji kara goji made shigoto ga arimasu (朝９時から５時まで仕事があります)

Naide

 To tell someone not to do something you convert a verb into its naide form. To do this you addde (で) to the end of a verb in the negative form. Suru and kuru change into shinaide and konaide.

   Don't read that = sore o yomanaide (それを読まないで)   Don't speak = hanashinaide (話しないで)
   Don't do stupid thing = baka ni shinaide yo (馬鹿にしないでよ)
   Kudasai can be added to the end to make the request more polite.

   Don't eat the apple please = ringo o tabenaide kudasai
   (リンゴを食べないでください)

Nasai

    Another way you can tell someone to do something is using the nasai form of a verb. To convert a verb into this form you change it into the masu stem and add nasai (なさい) to the end. Suru and kuru change into shinasai and kinasai.

   This form of verb is a more strict request/command, but it is not rude. It is similar to adding an exclamation mark (!) to the end of a request, but it doesn't express a raised voice.

   Read your book = anata no hon o yominasai (あなたの本を読みなさい)    Drink water = mizu o nominasai (水を飲みなさい)


   To turn the verb from into a more casual firm command you can remove sai from the end of nasai.
   Go outside = soto ni ikina (外に行きな)   Eat your food = gohan o tabena (ご飯を食べな)