i keiyoushi
i keiyoushi are adjectives in Japanese that have to end in i before they modify a noun. Often adjectives are written in kanji, if an adjective has the letter i (い) after the kanji, it is an i-keiyoushi.
Tall building = takai biru (高いビル)
To conjugate a i-adjective into the negative form, you remove i on the end and add kunai (くない).
Not tall building = takakunai biru (高くないビル) Converting an adjective into the past and negative past form is also easy. To change it into past form you remove i and add katta (かった). To change the adjective into the negative past form you remove i and add kunakatta (くなかった).
Was tall building = takakatta biru (高かったビル) Was not tall building = takakunakatta biru (高くなかったビル)
na keiyoushi
na keiyoushi are adjectives in Japanese that have to end in na before they modify a noun. If the adjective is written in kanji and it is not followed by the letter i (い), then it is a na-keiyoushi. This doesn't mean that the word can not end with the i sound, It means that there isn't a hiragana character after the kanji that is i.
However, there is one adjective that ends in a hiragana i that is a na adjective. Kirai (嫌い) which means, hateful or dislike. Some adjectives are commonly written in hiragana, so it can be hard to tell which kind of adjective they are. One example is Kirei (きれい), which means clean, neat or pretty.
To modify a noun directly, you need to add the character na (な) after the adjective before the noun its modifying.
She is quiet person = kanojo wa shizuka na hito desu
(彼女は静かな人です) She is quiet = kanojo wa shizuka desu
(彼女は静かです)
•Notice the difference between these two sentences. The first one modifies the noun directly. The second sentence does not, so there is no need to add na.
To conjugate a na-adjective into the negative form, add ja nai (じゃない) to the end of the adjective.
Not quiet person = shizuka ja nai hito (静かじゃない人)
Converting an adjective into the past and negative past form is also easy. All you do is add the ending datta (だった) for the past, and add ja nakatta (じゃなかった) for negative past.
Was quiet = shizuka datta (静かだった) Wasn't quiet = shizuka ja nakatta (静かじゃなかった)
| English | Japanese | Reading | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| bright | 明るい | あかるい | い-type adjective |
| sweet | 甘い | あまい | い-type adjective |
| new | 新しい | あたらしい | い-type adjective |
| silly, foolish, stupid | 馬鹿 | ばか | な-type adjective |
| small | 小さい | ちいさい | い-type adjective |
| near, close by | 近い | ちかい | い-type adjective |
| old | 古い | ふるい | い-type adjective |
| fast, early | 早い | はやい | い-type adjective |
| good, virtuous | 良い | いい, よい | い-type adjective |
| mean, mischievous | 意地悪 | いじわる | な-type adjective |
| busy, irritated | 忙しい | いそがしい | い-type adjective |
| painful | 痛い | いたい | い-type adjective |
| skillful | 上手 | じょうず | な-type adjective |
| cute | 可愛い | かわいい | い-type adjective |
| round | 円い, 丸い | まるい | い-type adjective |
| annoying | 迷惑 | めいわく | な-type adjective |
| ugly | 醜い | みにくい | い-type adjective |
| long | 長い | ながい | い-type adjective |
| delicious, tasty | 美味しい | おいしい | い-type adjective |
| funny | 可笑しい | おかしい | い-type adjective |
| heavy | 重い | おもい | い-type adjective |
| big, great | 大きい | おおきい | い-type adjective |
| slow, late | 遅い | おそい | い-type adjective |
| cold (weather) | 寒い | さむい | い-type adjective |
| heavy, much | 多大 | ただい | い-type adjective |
| right (correct) | 正しい | ただしい | い-type adjective |
| boring | 退屈 | たいくつ | な-type adjective |
| important | 大切 | たいせつ | な-type adjective |
| tall, high, expensive | 高い | たかい | い-type adjective |
| far | 遠い | とおい | い-type adjective |
| strong | 強い | つよい | い-type adjective |
| beautiful | 美しい | うつくしい | い-type adjective |
| young | 若い | わかい | い-type adjective |
| evil, bad | 悪い | わるい | い-type adjective |
| weak | 弱い | よわい | い-type adjective |
| cruel | 惨酷 | ざんこく | な-type adjective |
| kind | 親切 | しんせつ | な-type adjective |
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