Thursday, July 11, 2013

Japanese Grammer -ni, e, yori, de, desu, da,, no, ni, ku, kuteno,

Particle に (ni) and へ (e)

These two particles are used to express a direction, whereas に (ni) defines a precise location and へ (e) more an area.
1. Precise location:

Kanji私は会社行きます。
Furiganaわたしはかいしゃいきます。
Romajiwatashi wa kaisha ni ikimasu.
EnglishI go to my company.

2. Area:

Kanji私は来年日本行きます。
Furiganaわたしはらいねんにほんいきます。
Romajiwatashi wa rainen nihon e ikimasu.
EnglishI will go to Japan next year.

Particle を (wo/o)

This particle is used to express accusative.

Kanji私は御飯食べます。
Furiganaわたしはごはんたべます。
Romajiwatashi wa gohan o tabemasu.
EnglishI eat rice.

Particle より (yori)

This particle can be used in two situations expressing a comparison or having the meaning “from”.
1. Comparison:
In this case the particle より (yori) is used to compare two nouns with each other.
Kanji金は銀より高いです。
Furiganaきんはぎんよりたかいです。
Romajikin wa gin yori takai desu.
EnglishGold is more expensive than silver.

2. Meaning “from”:
In this case the particle より (yori) is used to express receiving something from someone else. It can be used as an alternative to the Particle から (kara).
Kanjiこの本は先生より貰いました。
Furiganaこのほんはせんせいよりもらいました。
Romajikono hon wa sensei yori moraimashita,
EnglishI received this book from my teacher.


Particle で (de)


1. Place of action:

Kanji私は事務室働きます。
Furiganaわたしはじむしつはたらきます。
Romajiwatashi wa jimushitsu de hatarakimasu.
EnglishI work in the office.

2. Means: 
Kanji私は電車帰ります。
Furiganaわたしはでんしゃかえります。
Romajiwatashi wa densha de kaerimasu.
EnglishI return home by train.

3. Material: 
Kanjiこの建物は材木出来ています。
Furiganaこのたてものはざいもくできています。
Romajikono tatemono wa zaimoku de dekite imasu.
EnglishThis building is made of wood.

4. Sum:

Kanji全部千円です。
Furiganaぜんぶせんえんです。
Romajizenbu de sen en desu.
EnglishThe total is 1,000 Yen.


NOUN + DESU (です)

Kanji私は日本人です。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんです。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin desu.
EnglishI am Japanese.

NOUN + DEWA arimasen (ではありません)

Kanji私は日本人ではありません。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんではありません。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin dewa arimasen.
EnglishI am not Japanese.

NOUN + DESHITA (でした)

Kanji昨日は日曜日でした。
Furiganaきのうはにちようびでした。
Romajikinou wa nichiyoubi deshita.
EnglishYesterday was sunday.

NOUN + DEwa arimasen deSHITA (ではありませんでした)

Kanji昨日は休みの日ではありませんでした。
Furiganaきのうはやすみのひではありませんでした。
Romajikinou wa yasumi no hi dewa arimasen deshita.
EnglishYesterday was not a vacation day.

NOUN + DA (だ)

Kanji私は学生だ。
Furiganaわたしはがくせいだ。
Romajiwatashi wa gakusei da.
EnglishI am a student.

NOUN + Dewa nai (ではない)

Kanji私は日本人ではないです。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんではないです。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin dewa nai desu.
EnglishI am not Japanese.

NOUN + datta (だった)

Kanji 昨日は休みの日だった。
Furigana きのうはやすみのひだった。
Romaji kinou wa yasumi no hi datta.
English yesterday was a vacation day.

NOUN + dewa nakatta (ではなかった)

Kanji 昨日は休みの日ではなかった。
Furigana きのうはやすみのひではなかった。
Romaji kinou wa yasumi no hi dewa nakatta.
English yesterday was not a vacation day.

NOUN + DE (で)

Kanji私は学生で友達は先生です。
Furiganaわたしはがくせいでともだちはせんせいです。
Romajiwatashi wa gakusei de tomodachi wa sensei desu.
EnglishI am a student and my friend is teacher.

NOUN + NO (の) + NOUN

Kanjiこれは先生の本です。
Furiganaこれはせんせいのほんです。
Romajikore wa sensei no hon desu.
EnglishThis is the teacher’s book.

NOUN + NO (の)

Kanjiこの本は私のです。
Furiganaこのほんはわたしのです。
Romajikono hon wa watashi no desu.
EnglishThe book there is mine.

Place + NI + NOUN + Aru / iru

Kanji机の上に本があります。
Furiganaつくえのうえにほんがあります。
Romajitsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.
EnglishThere is a book on the table.

Place + NI + NOUN + COUNTER + Aru / iru

Kanji机の上に本が三冊あります。
Furiganaつくえのうえにほんがさんさつあります。
Romajitsukue no ue ni hon ga sansatsu arimasu.
EnglishThere are three books on the table.

NOUN + WA + place + NI + ARU / IRU

Kanji本は机の上にあります。
Furiganaほんはつくえのうえにあります。
Romajihon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
EnglishThe book is on the table.

Grammar of adjectives for JLPT N5

This is a collection of grammar for JLPT N5 related to the correct use of adjectives. You will find the theory as well as concrete examples. Click on the header for each grammar for to get more details.

i-Adjective + です

Kanjiこの本は面白いです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろいです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshiroi desu.
EnglishThis book is interesting.

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くないです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくないです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
EnglishThis book is not interesting.

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くないです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくないです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
EnglishThis book is not interesting.

i-Adjective + くなかった + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くなかったです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくなかったです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunakatta desu.
EnglishThis book was not interesting.

i-Adjective + くて

Kanjiこの本は厚くて面白いです。
Furiganaこのほんはあつくておもしろいです。
Romajikono hon wa atsukute omoshiroi desu.
EnglishThis book is thick and interesting.

i-Adjective + く + Verb

Kanji友達と楽しく遊びました。
Furiganaともだちとたのしくあそびました。
Romajitomodachi to tanoshiku asobimashita.
EnglishI played joyfully with my friend.

i-Adjective + NOUN

Kanjiこれは面白い本です。
Furiganaこれはおもしろいほんです。
Romajikore wa omoshiroi hon desu.
EnglishThis is an interesting book.

i-Adjective + の

Kanji赤いのはいくらですか?
Furiganaあかいのはいくらですか?
Romajiakai no wa ikura desuka?
EnglishHow much is the red one?

NOUN + NA-adjective + です

Kanjiこのスカートはきれいです。
Furiganaこのスカートはきれいです。
Romajikono sukaato wa kirei desu.
EnglishThis skirt is beautiful.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありません

Kanjiこのスカートはきれいではありません。
Furiganaこのスカートはきれいではありません。
Romajikono sukaato wa kirei dewa arimasen.
EnglishThis skirt is not beautiful.

NOUN + NA-adjective + でした

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいでした。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいでした。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei deshita.
EnglishThis was a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありませんでした

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa arimasen deshita.
EnglishThis was not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではない

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではないです。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではないです。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa nai desu.
EnglishThis is not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではなかった

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa nakatta desu.
EnglishThis was not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + で

Kanjiあの人は元気で優しいです。
Furiganaあのひとはげんきでやさしいです。
Romajiano hito wa genki de yasashii desu.
EnglishThat person is lively and gentle.

NOUN + NA-adjective + に + verb

Kanjiあの人は漢字を上手に書けます。
Furiganaあのひとはかんじをじょうずにかけます。
Romajiano hito wa kanji o jouzu ni kakemasu.
EnglishThat person is good at writing kanji.

NOUN + NA-adjective + な + noun

Kanjiあの人は元気な人です。
Furiganaあのひとはげんきなひとです。
Romajiano hito wa genki na hito desu.
EnglishThis person is a lively person.

NOUN + NA-adjective + の

Kanjiきれいなのを買いました。
Furiganaきれいなのをかいました。
Romajikireina no o kaimashita.
EnglishI bought the beautiful one.

All about Japanese Particles

Japanese particles are small words that indicate relations of words within a sentence. They follow other words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives are parts of a sentence. Some but not all can be compared to prepositions in English. The Japanese language uses a total of 188 particles.


List of 188 Japanese particles

NoParticleMeaning / usage
1は (wa)Indicantes the topic of a sentence
2か (ka)At the end of a sentence indicating a question
3が (ga)Indicates the subject of a sentence
4に (ni)Indicates a location
5の (no)Indicates possession
6は (wa)Indicates a contrast between 2 items
7に (ni)Indicates time or frequency
8へ (e)Indicates direction
9を (wo/o)Indicates the direct object of a verb
10と (to)Used to connect and list up multiple items
11や (ya)Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
12など (nado)Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items
13も (mo)means “too”, “either”, “also”
14も (mo)both…and…, neither…nor…
15に (ni)Indicates the indirect object of a verb
16に (ni)Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
17で (de)Indicates the location of an action
18と (to)Together with
19の (no)Indicates an apposition
20から (kara)Indicates a starting point in time or place
21より (yori)Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
22まで (made)Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
23くらい (kurai)Indicates an approximate amount
24ほど (hodo)Indicates an approximate amount
25ばかり(bakari)Indicates an approximate amount
26で (de)Indicates a means or material
27か (ka)Indicates a choice or alternative
28を (wo/o)Indicates a point of departure
29を (wo/o)Indicates a route of a movement/motion
30に (ni)Indicates a point of arrival
31に (ni)Indicates an entering motion
32に (ni)Used together with a verb to express a purpose
33と (to)Used when quoting someone
34と いう (to iu)Indicates the name of something
35とか (toka)“something like”
36で (de)Indicates a limit or scope
37と (to)Indicates a comparison
38より (yori)Indicates a comparison
39より (yori)Indicates superlative
40くらい (kurai)Indicates a comparison
41ほど (hodo)Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
42か (ka)someone, something
43も (mo)“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
44に (ni)Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
45をする (wo/o suru)Expresses an occupation or position
46でも (demo)Indicates emphasis
47でも (demo)Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
48で (de)Indicates a cause or a reason
49から (kara)Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
50に (ni)Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
51は (wa) + が (ga)Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
52が (ga)Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”
53を (wo/o)Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
54で (de)Indicates a state / condition of something
55で (de)Limits numbers
56だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on things or amounts
57だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on an action or state
58で (de)Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
59でも (demo)Following a noun, means “or something like this”
60も (mo)Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
61でも (demo)Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
62ばかり (bakari)Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
63ばかり (bakari)Indicates an action was just completed
64ところ (tokoro)Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
65が (ga)Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
66から (kara)conjunction meaning “after” or “since”
67ながら (nagara)Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
68が (ga)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
69の (no)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
70から (kara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
71ので (node)Indicates a strong reason
72の (no)Indicates a modified pronoun
73の (no)Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
74なら (nara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
75なら (nara)Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
76と (to)Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
77ば (ba)Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
78ばいい (ba)“all you have to do…”
79ば (ba)Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
80たら (tara)Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
81たら (tara)Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
82ところ (tokoro)Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
83ても (temo)a conjunction meaning “even if”
84ても (temo)Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
85ても (temo)Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
86ては (tewa)Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
87のみ (nomi)Indicates a limit (similar to だけ dake)
88まで (made)“even”, used to emphasize
89さえ (sae)“even”, used to emphasize
90さえ (sae)“if only” or “as long as”
91のに (noni)“although”, “in spite of the fact that”
92ながら (nagara)“although”, “though”, “but”
93とか (toka)Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
94たり (tari)List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
95たり (tari)Indicates actions or states that alternate
96のに (noni)Indicates a purpose or function
97のです (no desu)Asks for an explanation or reason
98きり (kiri)Indicates a limit to an amount
99きり (kiri)Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
100とも (tomo)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
101ながら (nagara)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
102しか (shika)Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
103しかない (shika nai)used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
104し (shi)Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
105し (shi)Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
106とも (tomo)Indicates inclusion
107に (ni)Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
108か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about something
109か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
110だの (dano) Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
111だの (dano)Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
112など (nado)“something to the effect”
113やら (yara)Indicates two or more items of a longer list
114やら (yara)Indicates uncertainty
115ても (temo)Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
116とも (tomo)Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
117は (wa)Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
118と (to)Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
119など (nado)Indicates examples
120くらい (kurai)Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
121ほど (hodo)Indicates the extend of an action or condition
122 ほど (hodo)“the more… the more…”
123だけ (dake)“as… as…”
124だけ (dake)“the more… the more…”
125と (to)“about to do something”, “trying to do something”
126と (to)“even if…”, “whether… or not”
127なり (nari)“either…”, “whether…or”
128なり (nari)“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”
129こそ (koso)Emphasizes the word preceding it
130こそ (koso)Emphasizes a reason or a cause
131ては (tewa)Expresses repetition of an action
132に (ni)Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
133に (ni)Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
134にしては (ni shite wa)Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
135にとって (ni totte)Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
136について (ni tsuite)“about”, “concerning” something or someone
137とも…とも (tomo… tomo)“can’t say whether… or…”
138が (ga)“even if”, “whether… or not”
139は (wa)Emphasizes contrasting elements
140として (toshite)Indicates status, capacity or function
141として (toshite)Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
142ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)“not only… but also”
143だけ (dake) used to express “not only…but also”
144のみ (nomi)used to express “not only…but also”
145なり (nari)“as soon as”
146がはやいか (ga hayai ka)“as soon as”
147やいなや (ya ina ya)“as soon as”
148かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)“no sooner had”, “hardly had”
149ばかり (bakari)Indicates the only action left to do
150ばかりに (bakari ni)Emphasizes a reason or cause
151すら (sura)Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”
152など (nado)Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
153とも (tomo)“no matter what”, “even if”
154ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)To express that someone did something not to be expected
155どころか (dokoro ka)“far from”, “not to mention”
156だけに (dake ni)Indicates a cause or reason
157までもない (made mo nai)“there is no need to…”
158ものの (mono no)“but” or “although”
159ところで (tokoro de)“even if”
160けれども (keredomo)Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”
161けれども (keredomo)Indicates a preliminary remark
162が (ga)Used to soften a statement or refusal
163けれども (keredomo)Indicates a desire
164ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
165ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
166ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
167ねえ (nee)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
168よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
169よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
170かしら (kashira)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
171かな (kana)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
172な (na)At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
173な (na)At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
174なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
175なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express a desire
176の (no)At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
177わ (wa)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
178さ (sa)At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
179こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
180こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
181もの (mono)At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
182とも (tomo)At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
183ものか (monoka)At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
184や (ya)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
185たら (tara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
186やら (yara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
187ぜ (ze)At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
188ぞ (zo)At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself


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