Wednesday, July 31, 2013

New learnings

atsui -  atsukatta  (past adjective)
suzushii - suzushikatta(past adjective)

ikaga desu ka? - how is it?
totemo kimichi ii desu - it is nice.

ikaga deshita ka? -what did u thing of it?
totemo kimichi yokatta desu - it was feels good


dou desuka?
dou deshita ka - how was it or how did u thing of it?

omoshiroi desuka?
totemo omoshiroi desu.


taihen oishikatta desu - it was so tasty.

oishikatta desuka
omoshirokatta desuka

oishi desu ka? - is it tasty?
iie oishiku arimasen. - No. it is not tasty.
Add 'ku' to adjectives to make a negative form.

omoshiroku arimasen - not interesting.

ii - yes
yoi - no(negative for 'ii' )

atsui - hot
atsuku arimasen - not hot

takai - expensive
takaku arimasen - not expensive
iie, sonnani takaku arimasen - no. it is not expensive

muzukashi - difficult
muzukashiku arimasen - it is not difficult
iie, sonnani muzukashiku arimasen. - no. it is not difficult.

chiisai - small
chiisaku arimasen - not small

chotto -
choudo -

furin - wind bell - mainly for kids

kochira no  hou ga yasui desune- is it cheap?
minasan no hou ga takai desu - measurement of minnasan's is height.

onaka ga ittai sou desu - he said that stomach pain.

wathashi wa ocha o nomitai desu - i want to have grean tea.

tanakasan wa chotto youji  ga sou aru desu - tanakasan have something else to do.

watashi mo tabetai desu- i also want to eat.

gohan-san mo tabetai sou desu - gohansan also want to eat.- >when telling by 3rd person.
ii sou desu - he said that it was good.

kaeritai - wnt to buy
shitai desu - want to do
mitai desu - want to see
tabetai desu - want to eat
oyogitai desu - want to swim
umi e ikitai desu - want to go sea side.
umi e ikimasu- will go sea side

umi de oyogitai desu - want to swim in sea
denwa wo kaketai n desu ga? - want to call?/may i use this phone?









Saturday, July 27, 2013

Nishikasai- week 4

This week yamada-sensei repeated last week subject except katakana.

niteru - similar
okeru - take
kakeru - call or running
yoru - night time
yoru juuji - night 10'o clock

Driving - untenshuru
driver - untenshu
kuruma wo untenshimasu - driving a car
sakuji - eating(noun)
tabemasu - eating (verb)
fuku wo sentaku shimasu - washing shirt
heya wo soujishimasu - cleaning room
asa hayai - early in the morning

gift - okurimono
okurimono ga ookii - gift is big.
haben ga omoi - bag is heavy
Fuji-san wa takai - Fuji mountain is tall.

sega - size/measure - அளவு (Tamil)
nihonjin sega kikui - Japanese measure/size is short.

kono fuku wa takaii - this shirt is expensive.

yama made tooi - far to the mountain
eki made chikai - short to the station

hikouki ga hayai - flight is fast
fune ga osoi - ship is slow

natsu wa atsui - summer is hot
fuyu wa samui - winter is cold
koko kara yama made toi- from here to the mountain is long distance.
koko kara eki made chikai - from here to the station is short.

ari - ants(ஏறும்பு).
ari wa osoi - ans are slow
kame - tortoise

uma - horse
uma wa hayai - horse run fast.
shiken - exam/text
kono shikan wa yasashi - this test is easy.
oishikunai - not tasty
umai - good tast, good thinking, good talent, etc.,

riyori - Dish/ food item
kono ryori wa oishi - this dish is tasty.

haru wa atatakai - spring season is warm
aki wa suzushi - autumn is little cold.

sukina keki - favourite cake.
keki(katakana) - cake

isokashi hito - Busy person
mise - shop
ya- shop
himana mise - Free shop


Other sutdy:
--------------
Hatarakimasu - working
hatasan no okusan was mainichi uchi de hatarakimasu.
Daidokoro no shigoto - kitchen work

heya no souji mo shimasu - cleaning room also.
sentaku mo shimasu - doing washing also

watashi wa ashita no asa goji no okimasu - i am going to wake up at 5 tomorrow.

ashita yame e ikumasu -

person speak about himself with 'masu' his intension about future.
orimasu - fold
haijimemasu - beginning---something
dewa hajimemasu - start the class/school/etc..
dewa owarimasu - closing the class.

zasshi - magazine

lasy year - kyonen
last month - sengetsu
last week - senshuu
yesterday - kinoo

akemasan - not open
anata wa tabeta n desuka  - do u eat?

plain present form:
--------------------
kakimasu -kaku
yomimasu- yomu
nomimasu - nomu
tabemasu- taberu
okimasu- okiru

masu   - positive present/future verb tense
masen   - negative present/future verb tense
mashita   - positive past verb tense
masen deshita  -negative past  verb tense

desu - is
dewa arimasen - isn't
deshita- was
dewa arimasen deshita - wasn't

masu formEnglishmashou formEnglish
tabemasuto eattabemashoulet's eat
nomimasuto drinknomimashoulet's drink
yomimasuto readyomimashoulet's read
kakimasuto writekakimashoulet's write
ikimasuto goikimashoulet's go
kaimasuto buykaimashoulet's buy
mimasuto watch/seemimashoulet's watch
kikimasuto listen/hearkikimashoulet's listen

Kouen ni ikimashou.
Eiga o mimashou.
Ongaku o kikimashou.
Tegami o kakimashou.
Hon o yomimashou.
Tabemashou.
Nomimashou.
Kuruma o kaimashou.
Nihongo o benkyou shimashou.
Let's go to the park.
Let's watch a movie.
Let's listen to music.
Let's write a letter.
Let's read a book.
Let's eat.
Let's drink.
Let's buy a car.
Let's study Japanese. 
The mashou form is also a nice way to ask people if they want to do something with you. Just add the particle ka to the end of the sentence to make it "shall we~?".
  
Examples:
Kouen ni ikimashou ka.Shall we go to the park? 
Nihongo o benkyou shimashou ka.Shall we study Japanese?

To ask where a place or inanimate object is, one can use the form:
XX wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where is XX?
For people and animals, imasu is used instead:
XX wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is XX?

mae     - front
ushiro  - back/behind
yoko    - next to/ along side
ue       - top/above
shita   - bottom/under
naka  - inside/middle
soto   - outside
aida   - between/interval
mukou  - beyond
tonari    - next door/neighboring
hidari gawa - left side
migi kawa - right side

Kuruma no ue ni imasu.  - It's on the car.
Kuruma no shita ni imasu.  - It's under the car.
Kuruma no naka ni arimasu. - It's in the car.

Jitensha de ginkou ni ikimashou. - Let's go to the bank by bicycle.

keiko-san wa shigatou o shite imasu - keiko-san doing work.
naniyo shite iru n desu ka? - what are you doing?


nani o shite imasuka - what are you doing?

いえに だれか いますか - ie ni dare ka imasuka - who is in the house?

Thursday, July 25, 2013

Japanese Grammar Part2 - goto, gurai, kare, node

What is the difference between "goro" and "gurai"?
A. Both "goro (ごろ)" and "gurai (ぐらい)" are used to express approximation. However, "goro" is only used for a specific point in time to mean "approximately."
Sanji goro uchi ni kaerimasu.三時ごろうちに帰ります。I will come home around three o'clock.
Rainen no sangatsu goro
nihon ni ikimasu. 
来年の三月ごろ日本に行きます。
I am going to Japan
around March next year.
"Gurai (ぐらい)" is used for an approximate time period or quantity.
Ichi-jikan gurai machimashita.一時間ぐらい待ちました。I waited for about an hour.
Eki made go-fun gurai desu.駅まで五分ぐらいです。It takes about five minutes
to get to the station.
Kono kutsu wa nisen en gurai deshita.この靴は二千円ぐらいでした。These shoes were about 2,000 yen.
Hon ga gojussatsu gurai arimasu.本が五十冊ぐらいあります。There are about 50 books.
Ano ko wa go-sai gurai deshou.あの子は五歳ぐらいでしょう。That child is probably
about five years old.
"Gurai (ぐらい)" can be replaced with "hodo (ほど)" or "yaku (約)," though "yaku" comes before the quantity unlike others.
Sanjuupun hodo hirune o shimashita.三十分ほど昼寝をしました。I had a nap for about 30 minutes.
Yaku gosen-nin no kanshuu desu. 約五千人の観衆です。There are about 5,000 in the audience.
What is the long dash that sometimes appears in Japanese writing?
The normal short vowel is written with only one symbol in both hiragana and katakana. However, when writing in katakana, the long vowel is expressed with a long dash. In a text written vertically, a vertical line is used instead of a straight line.   
apaatoアパートapartment
biiru ビールbeer
puuruプールpool
keekiケーキcake
koohii コーヒーcoffee

 What is the difference between "kara" and "node"?
A. The conjunction "kara (から)" and "node (ので)" both express reason or cause. While "kara" is used for reason or cause of a speaker's volition, opinion and so on, "node" is for existing (existed) action or situation.
Kino wa samukatta node
uchi ni imashita.
昨日は寒かったのでうちにいました。
Since it was cold, I stayed home.
Atama ga itakatta node
gakkou o yasunda.
頭が痛かったので学校を休んだ。
Since I had a headache,
I didn't go to school.
Totemo shizukadatta node
yoku nemuremashita.
とても静かだったのでよく眠れました。
Since it was very quiet,
I could sleep well.
Yoku benkyou shita node
shiken ni goukaku shita.
よく勉強したので試験に合格した。
Since I studied hard,
I passed the examination. 
The sentences expressing personal judgment such as speculation, suggestion, intention, request, opinion, volition, invitation, and so forth must take "kara (から)."
Kono kawa wa kitanai kara
tabun sakana wa inai deshou.
この川は汚いから
たぶん魚はいないでしょう。
Since this river is polluted,
there is probably no fish.
Mou osoi kara hayaku nenasai.もう遅いから早く寝なさい。Go to bed, since it is getting late.
Kono hon wa totemo omoshiroi
kara yonda hou ga ii.
この本はとても面白いから
読んだほうがいい。
This book is very interesting,
so you'd better to read it.
Kono kuruma wa furui kara
atarashi kuruma ga hoshii desu.
この車は古いから
新しい車が欲しいです。
This car is old, so I want a new car.
Samui kara mado o shimete kudasai.寒いから窓を閉めてください。It is cold, so please close the window.
While "kara (から)" focuses more on the reason, "node (ので)" focuses more on the resulting effect. This is why the "kara" clause is used independently more often than "node".
Doushite okureta no.
Densha ni nori okureta kara.
どうして遅れたの。
電車に乗り遅れたから。
Why were you late?
Because I missed the train.
"Kara (から)" can be immediately followed by "~ desu (~です)."
Atama ga itakatta kara desu.頭が痛かったからです。Because I had a headache.
Atama ga itakatta node desu.頭が痛かったのでです。Wrong

Wednesday, July 24, 2013

Furigana

Furigana (振り仮名?) is a Japanese reading aid, consisting of smaller kana, or syllabic characters, printed next to a kanji (ideographic character) or other character to indicate its pronunciation. It is typically used to clarify rare, nonstandard or ambiguous readings, or in children's or learners' materials. It is most often written in hiragana, though katakana is used in certain special cases explained later in the article. In horizontal text,yokogaki, the furigana is placed above the line of text, while in vertical text, tategaki, it is placed to the right of the line of text, as illustrated below. It is one type of ruby text. Furigana is also known as yomigana (読み仮名?) or rubi (ルビ?) in Japanese.

or
かん
These examples spell the word kanji, which is made up of two kanji characters: 漢 (kan, written in hiragana as かん), and 字 (ji, written in hiragana as じ).


Link : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furigana

Saturday, July 20, 2013

Nishikasai- week3

Today Miyoi sensei took the class.

hokensho - health center
shouba - fire station
keisatsu - police station
kouban - police box
sho - place
saipansho - court

ooki- big
chiisai - small
hako - box
ooki hako - big box

omoi - heavy
karui - light weight/ not heavy
kaban- bag
ryokou kaban - travel bag
yaya omoi- lillte heavy
chotto heavy - little heavy

takai - height
kikui- short
seka takai - ?

shujin - husband
watashi no shujin wa seka kikui desu - my husband is short.
tsuma - wife
okusan - wife
watashi no tsuma wa kirei - my wife is beautiful.

Other than husband should not use the word 'tsuma'. Only husband can use call his wife 'tsuma'. Other people should call as 'okusan'.


samushi - missing/ lonely
yonban - 4th

takai -  expensive
yasui- cheap

Note:
Japanese adjectives ends with 'i'

atsui - hot
samui - cold
atsui koucha - hot tea
arsui ocha- hot green tea

sumetai - cold(use to relate with things)
kakigoori - grinded ice
kaki - grinding
gori -ice

toori - street
ooki dori - big street -road

teoi - far
chikai - near
hayai - fast
osoi - slow

hikouki - airplan
fune - ship

yasashi -easy
muzukashi - difficult

oishi - tasty
mazui - not tasty

atatakai - warm
suzushi - cold but not heavy/ normal cold/ chillness

sukina - like/favorite
sukina cake - favorite cake
sukina ongaku- favorite music

kiraina- dislike
isogashi - Busy
himana - free/boring
Jouzuna - well/good at

watashi wa uta ga jouzu desu - I am good at singing.
uto ga jouzuna hito - good singing person
hetana- not good
kireina - beautiful/ clean
genkina - cheerful / energetic
genkina hito - energetic person

akeru - open
tojiru - close


Count Little soft/hard materials like pen, tree:

ippon -1
nihon -2
sampon -3
yomhon -4
gohon -5
roppon -6
nanahon
happon
hachihon
kyuhon
juppon
1,3, 6 and 10 reads differently.

Ki ga happon arimasu - there are 8 trees.
Pen wo gohon kudasai - 5 Pen please.


Friday, July 19, 2013

Learn easy Sentences

nakamura-san wa shimada-san wo mimasu-Mr.Nakamura sees Mr.Shimada.
dare wa susi wo tabemasu- who eat susi?
shimada san no hon  desu - Mr. Shimada's book.
toukyo ga nihon ni arimasu- tokyo is in japan
densha wa eki ni arimasi - Train is at the station

tsuki-arrive ?

nakamura-san wa shimada-san ni hon wo agemasu - nakamura gives book to shimada.
nakamura-san wa toukyo e ikimasu- nakamura goes to tokyo

watashi wa hon de kami de enbitsu wo kaimasu- I buy a book, paper and pencil.

shimada-san wa tagami wo kakimasu - shimada writes a letter
nakamura-san wa mainishi susi wo tabemasen - nakamura daily doesn't eat susi.

inu ga mizu wo nomimasendesita- dog did not drink water.
mori-san wa tegami wo kakimasita - Mr.Mori wrote a letter

watashi wa hon wo mikkemashita - i found a book
kare wa toukyo ni kimasendeshita - he did no come to tokyo.

augustine-san wa sofy-san wo aishimasu- augustine loves sofy.


hon wa ooki desu- the book is big
jitensha wa osoidesu - bicycle is slow
inu wa furui desu- the dog is old

hon wa ookikatta desu - the book was big
jitensha wa osokatta desu - bucycle was slow
inu wa furukatta desu - dog was old

hon wa ookikunai desu - the book is not big
jitensha wa osokunai desu - bicycle is not slow
inu wa furukunai desu - dog is not old

hon wa ookikuarimasen desu- book was not big
jitensha wa oosokuarimasen desu- bicycle was not slow
inu wa furukunakatta desu - dog was not old
tofu wa akakunakatta desu - tofu was not red

sumimasen ga, kore wa ikura desu ka - Excuse me, where is toilet?
When you are asking a question to someone, normally you will say "excuse me" first, then you ask the question. In Japanese, you will normally put すみませんが (sumimasen ga) as some kind of introduction before you ask the actual question.

yuube sushi wo tabamashita ga, totemo oishikatta desu
Meaning: I ate sushi last night, it was very delicious.


moshimoshi, tanaka desu ga, yamada san wa imasu ka
Meaning: Hello, this is Tanaka speaking, is Mr Yamada around? (May I speak to Mr Yamada?)


asoko ni takai biru ga miemasu ga, are wa nan desu ka
Meaning: We can see a tall building over there, what is that building?


watashi wa konban inu to terebi wo mimasu
Meaning: I am going to watch television with my dog tonight.


(watashi wa hitori de honya e ikimasu)
Meaning: I go to the bookshop alone.


watashi wa tomodachi to basu de gakkou e ikimasu
Meaning: I go to school by bus with my friend.

watashi wa jitensha de kaisha e ikimasu
Meaning: I go to office by bicycle.


chichi wa mainichi eki de shinbun wo kaimasu
Meaning: My father buys newspaper at the station every day.

watashi wa hashi de gohan wo tabemasu
Meaning: I eat the meal with the chopsticks.

watashi wa nihongo de tegami wo kakimasu
Meaning: I write letter in Japanese.

ooame de ki ga taoremashita
Meaning: The tree fell down due to heavy rain.



Watashi wa watashinotomodachi to nihongo de hanashite iru
I am talking in japanese with my friends


seikaku ni tadhashi -exactly correct

Tuesday, July 16, 2013

Basic Kanji

Japanese Kanji Level-4 or Basic Kanji
The ancient characters adopted from the Chinese. They each convey an idea, and are used for nounsverbsadjectives, and adverbs. This collection of more than 7,000 characters usually has double meanings for each one, depending on the context and position in the sentence.
Kanji have two sorts of readings, i.e. ways of being pronounced: "on" readings and "kun" readings.
The "on" readings are based loosely on the original Chinese pronunciation of the kanji, and are typically used when a kanji is part of a compound, i.e. written with at least one other kanji to form a word.
The "kun" reading is used when kanji are used on their own, either as complete nouns in their own right or as adjective and verb stems.
On-readings are typically used when a kanji forms part of a compound word (usually a noun); kun-readings are normally used for single kanji, either as words in their own right, or as the stems of adjectives or verbs. Adjectives and verbs typically consist of a kanji followed by a hiragana suffix.
Take Note: There are exceptions to this rule. Most kanji have at least one on-reading and one kun-reading each, but plenty have no kun-reading and a few have no on-reading. Some use kun-readings, not on-readings, to make compounds. You just have to learn them case by case.

Kanji are inflected by hiragana that follow and particles give the case. Most words are written using kanji, though some have none and loan-words from other languages are generally written in katakana. The large number of homophones makes it highly desirable to use kanji and knowing them can help with memorising new words.
Note that writing kanji skillfully is significantly harder than reading kanji skillfully, since one must recall characters, not simply recognize them. Further, with Input Methods allowing one to write Japanese on a computer phonetically (by recognizing the kanji, not needing to produce them), the practical need for kanji writing skills is lower than in the past, but it is still fundamental to mastery of Japanese.

It is not simply an issue of memorizing 1,945 characters (or more for names) – the same character is pronounced in different ways and used in different contexts. Kanji are simply a large amount of data, and this is best learned over a long period of time.
here are three aspects to a particular kanji:
form
The character shape – the strokes.
sound
The pronunciations, of which there are generally many.
meaning
The meanings, both of the individual kanji and its combinations.
There are a number of ways to learn the kanji. Rather than pick one, try to see how each of these works for you and combine them in your study.

One will learn kanji that make up a given word at the same time – for example, one will learn the word 日本 (Nihon, Japan) and, at the same time, the characters 日 (nichi, ni, sun) and 本 (hon, root).

Onyomi

Onyomi (音読み) is the Chinese-derived reading, which is most commonly used in compound words and for the numbers.
It may be useful to note that in most kanji databases, the on reading is written in katakana instead of hiragana.
一 (イチ), 二 (ニ), 三 (サン), 四 (シ) are the first four numbers and all are onyomi.

Kunyomi

Kunyomi (訓読み) is the Japanese reading, which can be read as a separate word or can be used in compounds.
This reading is generally written in hiragana in kanji lists.
月 (つき, tsuki) and 日 (ひ, hi) are the moon and sun and are in kunyomi.



http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Kanji/Lesson_12

http://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/lessons/index.cfm

http://www.learn-japanese.info/lesson20.html

Monday, July 15, 2013

Nishikasai- Week 2


Todays learning:
naka - center
naka - inside; soto-outside
ue- up side;  shita- downside
migi - right side; hidari - left side
dekuchi - exit; irikuchi - entrance
se - back side; senaka - back side of body
mae - front side

yomu - read; yomimasu - read(polite form)
kaku - write; kakimasu
kiku- listern ; kikimasu

domo arigatou - you can just say 'domo'.
 arigatou is understood here.

miru - watch/see; mimasu

yoku miru - watch carefully
yoku kiku - listen carefully

kau - buy; kaimasu
nomu - drink; nomimasu

taberu - eat; tabemasu
kakeru- call; kakemasu

denwa wo kakeru - making telephone call

tegami - letter
tegami wo kakimasu - writing letter
ongaku - music
ongaku wo kikimasu - listening music
terabi wo mimasu- watching television
hana wo kaimasu - buying flower
mizu wo nomimasu - drinking water
gohan wo tabemasu - eating rice

iku - go ; ikimasu
kuru- come ; kimasu
kaeru - return/go back ; kaerimasu
okiru -wake up ; okimasu
meru - sleep ; memasu

unten suru - driving
unten shimasu - driving (polite form)
sentaku suru - washing
sentaku shimasu
souji suru - cleaning
souji shimasu - cleaning

suru - doing
shimasu -doing (polite form)



youbinkyoku e ikimasu - going to post office
gakkou e ikimasu - going to school
kaisha - company
resutorant - restaurant
kankoku - korea
indo - india
amerika- america
indo kara kimasu - coming from india

obemasitta ka-  do u remember?


kado - corner
pleast turn left at next corner- tsugi no kado o hidari e magatea kudasai

tomete - stop
soko de tomete kudasai - please stop there.

tsukatte - use
kono tsukue o tsukatte kudasai - please use the table. (tsukue - table)


Thursday, July 11, 2013

Japanese Grammer -ni, e, yori, de, desu, da,, no, ni, ku, kuteno,

Particle に (ni) and へ (e)

These two particles are used to express a direction, whereas に (ni) defines a precise location and へ (e) more an area.
1. Precise location:

Kanji私は会社行きます。
Furiganaわたしはかいしゃいきます。
Romajiwatashi wa kaisha ni ikimasu.
EnglishI go to my company.

2. Area:

Kanji私は来年日本行きます。
Furiganaわたしはらいねんにほんいきます。
Romajiwatashi wa rainen nihon e ikimasu.
EnglishI will go to Japan next year.

Particle を (wo/o)

This particle is used to express accusative.

Kanji私は御飯食べます。
Furiganaわたしはごはんたべます。
Romajiwatashi wa gohan o tabemasu.
EnglishI eat rice.

Particle より (yori)

This particle can be used in two situations expressing a comparison or having the meaning “from”.
1. Comparison:
In this case the particle より (yori) is used to compare two nouns with each other.
Kanji金は銀より高いです。
Furiganaきんはぎんよりたかいです。
Romajikin wa gin yori takai desu.
EnglishGold is more expensive than silver.

2. Meaning “from”:
In this case the particle より (yori) is used to express receiving something from someone else. It can be used as an alternative to the Particle から (kara).
Kanjiこの本は先生より貰いました。
Furiganaこのほんはせんせいよりもらいました。
Romajikono hon wa sensei yori moraimashita,
EnglishI received this book from my teacher.


Particle で (de)


1. Place of action:

Kanji私は事務室働きます。
Furiganaわたしはじむしつはたらきます。
Romajiwatashi wa jimushitsu de hatarakimasu.
EnglishI work in the office.

2. Means: 
Kanji私は電車帰ります。
Furiganaわたしはでんしゃかえります。
Romajiwatashi wa densha de kaerimasu.
EnglishI return home by train.

3. Material: 
Kanjiこの建物は材木出来ています。
Furiganaこのたてものはざいもくできています。
Romajikono tatemono wa zaimoku de dekite imasu.
EnglishThis building is made of wood.

4. Sum:

Kanji全部千円です。
Furiganaぜんぶせんえんです。
Romajizenbu de sen en desu.
EnglishThe total is 1,000 Yen.


NOUN + DESU (です)

Kanji私は日本人です。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんです。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin desu.
EnglishI am Japanese.

NOUN + DEWA arimasen (ではありません)

Kanji私は日本人ではありません。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんではありません。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin dewa arimasen.
EnglishI am not Japanese.

NOUN + DESHITA (でした)

Kanji昨日は日曜日でした。
Furiganaきのうはにちようびでした。
Romajikinou wa nichiyoubi deshita.
EnglishYesterday was sunday.

NOUN + DEwa arimasen deSHITA (ではありませんでした)

Kanji昨日は休みの日ではありませんでした。
Furiganaきのうはやすみのひではありませんでした。
Romajikinou wa yasumi no hi dewa arimasen deshita.
EnglishYesterday was not a vacation day.

NOUN + DA (だ)

Kanji私は学生だ。
Furiganaわたしはがくせいだ。
Romajiwatashi wa gakusei da.
EnglishI am a student.

NOUN + Dewa nai (ではない)

Kanji私は日本人ではないです。
Furiganaわたしはにほんじんではないです。
Romajiwatashi wa nihonjin dewa nai desu.
EnglishI am not Japanese.

NOUN + datta (だった)

Kanji 昨日は休みの日だった。
Furigana きのうはやすみのひだった。
Romaji kinou wa yasumi no hi datta.
English yesterday was a vacation day.

NOUN + dewa nakatta (ではなかった)

Kanji 昨日は休みの日ではなかった。
Furigana きのうはやすみのひではなかった。
Romaji kinou wa yasumi no hi dewa nakatta.
English yesterday was not a vacation day.

NOUN + DE (で)

Kanji私は学生で友達は先生です。
Furiganaわたしはがくせいでともだちはせんせいです。
Romajiwatashi wa gakusei de tomodachi wa sensei desu.
EnglishI am a student and my friend is teacher.

NOUN + NO (の) + NOUN

Kanjiこれは先生の本です。
Furiganaこれはせんせいのほんです。
Romajikore wa sensei no hon desu.
EnglishThis is the teacher’s book.

NOUN + NO (の)

Kanjiこの本は私のです。
Furiganaこのほんはわたしのです。
Romajikono hon wa watashi no desu.
EnglishThe book there is mine.

Place + NI + NOUN + Aru / iru

Kanji机の上に本があります。
Furiganaつくえのうえにほんがあります。
Romajitsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.
EnglishThere is a book on the table.

Place + NI + NOUN + COUNTER + Aru / iru

Kanji机の上に本が三冊あります。
Furiganaつくえのうえにほんがさんさつあります。
Romajitsukue no ue ni hon ga sansatsu arimasu.
EnglishThere are three books on the table.

NOUN + WA + place + NI + ARU / IRU

Kanji本は机の上にあります。
Furiganaほんはつくえのうえにあります。
Romajihon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
EnglishThe book is on the table.

Grammar of adjectives for JLPT N5

This is a collection of grammar for JLPT N5 related to the correct use of adjectives. You will find the theory as well as concrete examples. Click on the header for each grammar for to get more details.

i-Adjective + です

Kanjiこの本は面白いです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろいです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshiroi desu.
EnglishThis book is interesting.

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くないです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくないです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
EnglishThis book is not interesting.

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くないです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくないです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
EnglishThis book is not interesting.

i-Adjective + くなかった + です

Kanjiこの本は面白くなかったです。
Furiganaこのほんはおもしろくなかったです。
Romajikono hon wa omoshirokunakatta desu.
EnglishThis book was not interesting.

i-Adjective + くて

Kanjiこの本は厚くて面白いです。
Furiganaこのほんはあつくておもしろいです。
Romajikono hon wa atsukute omoshiroi desu.
EnglishThis book is thick and interesting.

i-Adjective + く + Verb

Kanji友達と楽しく遊びました。
Furiganaともだちとたのしくあそびました。
Romajitomodachi to tanoshiku asobimashita.
EnglishI played joyfully with my friend.

i-Adjective + NOUN

Kanjiこれは面白い本です。
Furiganaこれはおもしろいほんです。
Romajikore wa omoshiroi hon desu.
EnglishThis is an interesting book.

i-Adjective + の

Kanji赤いのはいくらですか?
Furiganaあかいのはいくらですか?
Romajiakai no wa ikura desuka?
EnglishHow much is the red one?

NOUN + NA-adjective + です

Kanjiこのスカートはきれいです。
Furiganaこのスカートはきれいです。
Romajikono sukaato wa kirei desu.
EnglishThis skirt is beautiful.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありません

Kanjiこのスカートはきれいではありません。
Furiganaこのスカートはきれいではありません。
Romajikono sukaato wa kirei dewa arimasen.
EnglishThis skirt is not beautiful.

NOUN + NA-adjective + でした

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいでした。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいでした。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei deshita.
EnglishThis was a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありませんでした

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa arimasen deshita.
EnglishThis was not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではない

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではないです。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではないです。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa nai desu.
EnglishThis is not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではなかった

Kanjiこのレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Furiganaこのレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Romajikono resutoran wa kirei dewa nakatta desu.
EnglishThis was not a beautiful restaurant.

NOUN + NA-adjective + で

Kanjiあの人は元気で優しいです。
Furiganaあのひとはげんきでやさしいです。
Romajiano hito wa genki de yasashii desu.
EnglishThat person is lively and gentle.

NOUN + NA-adjective + に + verb

Kanjiあの人は漢字を上手に書けます。
Furiganaあのひとはかんじをじょうずにかけます。
Romajiano hito wa kanji o jouzu ni kakemasu.
EnglishThat person is good at writing kanji.

NOUN + NA-adjective + な + noun

Kanjiあの人は元気な人です。
Furiganaあのひとはげんきなひとです。
Romajiano hito wa genki na hito desu.
EnglishThis person is a lively person.

NOUN + NA-adjective + の

Kanjiきれいなのを買いました。
Furiganaきれいなのをかいました。
Romajikireina no o kaimashita.
EnglishI bought the beautiful one.

All about Japanese Particles

Japanese particles are small words that indicate relations of words within a sentence. They follow other words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives are parts of a sentence. Some but not all can be compared to prepositions in English. The Japanese language uses a total of 188 particles.


List of 188 Japanese particles

NoParticleMeaning / usage
1は (wa)Indicantes the topic of a sentence
2か (ka)At the end of a sentence indicating a question
3が (ga)Indicates the subject of a sentence
4に (ni)Indicates a location
5の (no)Indicates possession
6は (wa)Indicates a contrast between 2 items
7に (ni)Indicates time or frequency
8へ (e)Indicates direction
9を (wo/o)Indicates the direct object of a verb
10と (to)Used to connect and list up multiple items
11や (ya)Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
12など (nado)Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items
13も (mo)means “too”, “either”, “also”
14も (mo)both…and…, neither…nor…
15に (ni)Indicates the indirect object of a verb
16に (ni)Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
17で (de)Indicates the location of an action
18と (to)Together with
19の (no)Indicates an apposition
20から (kara)Indicates a starting point in time or place
21より (yori)Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
22まで (made)Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
23くらい (kurai)Indicates an approximate amount
24ほど (hodo)Indicates an approximate amount
25ばかり(bakari)Indicates an approximate amount
26で (de)Indicates a means or material
27か (ka)Indicates a choice or alternative
28を (wo/o)Indicates a point of departure
29を (wo/o)Indicates a route of a movement/motion
30に (ni)Indicates a point of arrival
31に (ni)Indicates an entering motion
32に (ni)Used together with a verb to express a purpose
33と (to)Used when quoting someone
34と いう (to iu)Indicates the name of something
35とか (toka)“something like”
36で (de)Indicates a limit or scope
37と (to)Indicates a comparison
38より (yori)Indicates a comparison
39より (yori)Indicates superlative
40くらい (kurai)Indicates a comparison
41ほど (hodo)Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
42か (ka)someone, something
43も (mo)“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
44に (ni)Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
45をする (wo/o suru)Expresses an occupation or position
46でも (demo)Indicates emphasis
47でも (demo)Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
48で (de)Indicates a cause or a reason
49から (kara)Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
50に (ni)Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
51は (wa) + が (ga)Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
52が (ga)Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”
53を (wo/o)Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
54で (de)Indicates a state / condition of something
55で (de)Limits numbers
56だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on things or amounts
57だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on an action or state
58で (de)Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
59でも (demo)Following a noun, means “or something like this”
60も (mo)Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
61でも (demo)Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
62ばかり (bakari)Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
63ばかり (bakari)Indicates an action was just completed
64ところ (tokoro)Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
65が (ga)Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
66から (kara)conjunction meaning “after” or “since”
67ながら (nagara)Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
68が (ga)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
69の (no)Indicates the subject of a relative clause
70から (kara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
71ので (node)Indicates a strong reason
72の (no)Indicates a modified pronoun
73の (no)Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
74なら (nara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
75なら (nara)Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
76と (to)Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
77ば (ba)Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
78ばいい (ba)“all you have to do…”
79ば (ba)Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
80たら (tara)Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
81たら (tara)Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
82ところ (tokoro)Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
83ても (temo)a conjunction meaning “even if”
84ても (temo)Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
85ても (temo)Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
86ては (tewa)Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
87のみ (nomi)Indicates a limit (similar to だけ dake)
88まで (made)“even”, used to emphasize
89さえ (sae)“even”, used to emphasize
90さえ (sae)“if only” or “as long as”
91のに (noni)“although”, “in spite of the fact that”
92ながら (nagara)“although”, “though”, “but”
93とか (toka)Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
94たり (tari)List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
95たり (tari)Indicates actions or states that alternate
96のに (noni)Indicates a purpose or function
97のです (no desu)Asks for an explanation or reason
98きり (kiri)Indicates a limit to an amount
99きり (kiri)Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
100とも (tomo)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
101ながら (nagara)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
102しか (shika)Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
103しかない (shika nai)used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
104し (shi)Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
105し (shi)Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
106とも (tomo)Indicates inclusion
107に (ni)Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
108か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about something
109か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
110だの (dano) Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
111だの (dano)Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
112など (nado)“something to the effect”
113やら (yara)Indicates two or more items of a longer list
114やら (yara)Indicates uncertainty
115ても (temo)Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
116とも (tomo)Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
117は (wa)Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
118と (to)Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
119など (nado)Indicates examples
120くらい (kurai)Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
121ほど (hodo)Indicates the extend of an action or condition
122 ほど (hodo)“the more… the more…”
123だけ (dake)“as… as…”
124だけ (dake)“the more… the more…”
125と (to)“about to do something”, “trying to do something”
126と (to)“even if…”, “whether… or not”
127なり (nari)“either…”, “whether…or”
128なり (nari)“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”
129こそ (koso)Emphasizes the word preceding it
130こそ (koso)Emphasizes a reason or a cause
131ては (tewa)Expresses repetition of an action
132に (ni)Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
133に (ni)Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
134にしては (ni shite wa)Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
135にとって (ni totte)Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
136について (ni tsuite)“about”, “concerning” something or someone
137とも…とも (tomo… tomo)“can’t say whether… or…”
138が (ga)“even if”, “whether… or not”
139は (wa)Emphasizes contrasting elements
140として (toshite)Indicates status, capacity or function
141として (toshite)Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
142ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)“not only… but also”
143だけ (dake) used to express “not only…but also”
144のみ (nomi)used to express “not only…but also”
145なり (nari)“as soon as”
146がはやいか (ga hayai ka)“as soon as”
147やいなや (ya ina ya)“as soon as”
148かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)“no sooner had”, “hardly had”
149ばかり (bakari)Indicates the only action left to do
150ばかりに (bakari ni)Emphasizes a reason or cause
151すら (sura)Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”
152など (nado)Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
153とも (tomo)“no matter what”, “even if”
154ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)To express that someone did something not to be expected
155どころか (dokoro ka)“far from”, “not to mention”
156だけに (dake ni)Indicates a cause or reason
157までもない (made mo nai)“there is no need to…”
158ものの (mono no)“but” or “although”
159ところで (tokoro de)“even if”
160けれども (keredomo)Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”
161けれども (keredomo)Indicates a preliminary remark
162が (ga)Used to soften a statement or refusal
163けれども (keredomo)Indicates a desire
164ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
165ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
166ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
167ねえ (nee)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
168よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
169よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
170かしら (kashira)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
171かな (kana)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
172な (na)At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
173な (na)At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
174なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
175なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express a desire
176の (no)At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
177わ (wa)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
178さ (sa)At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
179こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
180こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
181もの (mono)At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
182とも (tomo)At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
183ものか (monoka)At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
184や (ya)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
185たら (tara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
186やら (yara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
187ぜ (ze)At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
188ぞ (zo)At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself