New learnings

atsui -  atsukatta  (past adjective)
suzushii - suzushikatta(past adjective)

ikaga desu ka? - how is it?
totemo kimichi ii desu - it is nice.

ikaga deshita ka? -what did u thing of it?
totemo kimichi yokatta desu - it was feels good


dou desuka?
dou deshita ka - how was it or how did u thing of it?

omoshiroi desuka?
totemo omoshiroi desu.


taihen oishikatta desu - it was so tasty.

oishikatta desuka
omoshirokatta desuka

oishi desu ka? - is it tasty?
iie oishiku arimasen. - No. it is not tasty.
Add 'ku' to adjectives to make a negative form.

omoshiroku arimasen - not interesting.

ii - yes
yoi - no(negative for 'ii' )

atsui - hot
atsuku arimasen - not hot

takai - expensive
takaku arimasen - not expensive
iie, sonnani takaku arimasen - no. it is not expensive

muzukashi - difficult
muzukashiku arimasen - it is not difficult
iie, sonnani muzukashiku arimasen. - no. it is not difficult.

chiisai - small
chiisaku arimasen - not small

chotto -
choudo -

furin - wind bell - mainly for kids

kochira no  hou ga yasui desune- is it cheap?
minasan no hou ga takai desu - measurement of minnasan's is height.

onaka ga ittai sou desu - he said that stomach pain.

wathashi wa ocha o nomitai desu - i want to have grean tea.

tanakasan wa chotto youji  ga sou aru desu - tanakasan have something else to do.

watashi mo tabetai desu- i also want to eat.

gohan-san mo tabetai sou desu - gohansan also want to eat.- >when telling by 3rd person.
ii sou desu - he said that it was good.

kaeritai - wnt to buy
shitai desu - want to do
mitai desu - want to see
tabetai desu - want to eat
oyogitai desu - want to swim
umi e ikitai desu - want to go sea side.
umi e ikimasu- will go sea side

umi de oyogitai desu - want to swim in sea
denwa wo kaketai n desu ga? - want to call?/may i use this phone?

Nishikasai- week 4

This week yamada-sensei repeated last week subject except katakana.

niteru - similar
okeru - take
kakeru - call or running
yoru - night time
yoru juuji - night 10'o clock

Driving - untenshuru
driver - untenshu
kuruma wo untenshimasu - driving a car
sakuji - eating(noun)
tabemasu - eating (verb)
fuku wo sentaku shimasu - washing shirt
heya wo soujishimasu - cleaning room
asa hayai - early in the morning

gift - okurimono
okurimono ga ookii - gift is big.
haben ga omoi - bag is heavy
Fuji-san wa takai - Fuji mountain is tall.

sega - size/measure - அளவு (Tamil)
nihonjin sega kikui - Japanese measure/size is short.

kono fuku wa takaii - this shirt is expensive.

yama made tooi - far to the mountain
eki made chikai - short to the station

hikouki ga hayai - flight is fast
fune ga osoi - ship is slow

natsu wa atsui - summer is hot
fuyu wa samui - winter is cold
koko kara yama made toi- from here to the mountain is long distance.
koko kara eki made chikai - from here to the station is short.

ari - ants(ஏறும்பு).
ari wa osoi - ans are slow
kame - tortoise

uma - horse
uma wa hayai - horse run fast.
shiken - exam/text
kono shikan wa yasashi - this test is easy.
oishikunai - not tasty
umai - good tast, good thinking, good talent, etc.,

riyori - Dish/ food item
kono ryori wa oishi - this dish is tasty.

haru wa atatakai - spring season is warm
aki wa suzushi - autumn is little cold.

sukina keki - favourite cake.
keki(katakana) - cake

isokashi hito - Busy person
mise - shop
ya- shop
himana mise - Free shop


Other sutdy:
--------------
Hatarakimasu - working
hatasan no okusan was mainichi uchi de hatarakimasu.
Daidokoro no shigoto - kitchen work

heya no souji mo shimasu - cleaning room also.
sentaku mo shimasu - doing washing also

watashi wa ashita no asa goji no okimasu - i am going to wake up at 5 tomorrow.

ashita yame e ikumasu -

person speak about himself with 'masu' his intension about future.
orimasu - fold
haijimemasu - beginning---something
dewa hajimemasu - start the class/school/etc..
dewa owarimasu - closing the class.

zasshi - magazine

lasy year - kyonen
last month - sengetsu
last week - senshuu
yesterday - kinoo

akemasan - not open
anata wa tabeta n desuka  - do u eat?

plain present form:
--------------------
kakimasu -kaku
yomimasu- yomu
nomimasu - nomu
tabemasu- taberu
okimasu- okiru

masu   - positive present/future verb tense
masen   - negative present/future verb tense
mashita   - positive past verb tense
masen deshita  -negative past  verb tense

desu - is
dewa arimasen - isn't
deshita- was
dewa arimasen deshita - wasn't

masu form	English	mashou form	English
tabemasu	to eat	tabemashou	let's eat
nomimasu	to drink	nomimashou	let's drink
yomimasu	to read	yomimashou	let's read
kakimasu	to write	kakimashou	let's write
ikimasu	to go	ikimashou	let's go
kaimasu	to buy	kaimashou	let's buy
mimasu	to watch/see	mimashou	let's watch
kikimasu	to listen/hear	kikimashou	let's listen

Kouen ni ikimashou. Eiga o mimashou. Ongaku o kikimashou. Tegami o kakimashou. Hon o yomimashou. Tabemashou. Nomimashou. Kuruma o kaimashou. Nihongo o benkyou shimashou.	Let's go to the park. Let's watch a movie. Let's listen to music. Let's write a letter. Let's read a book. Let's eat. Let's drink. Let's buy a car. Let's study Japanese.
The mashou form is also a nice way to ask people if they want to do something with you. Just add the particle ka to the end of the sentence to make it "shall we~?".    Examples:
Kouen ni ikimashou ka.	Shall we go to the park?
Nihongo o benkyou shimashou ka.	Shall we study Japanese?

To ask where a place or inanimate object is, one can use the form:
XX wa doko ni arimasu ka. Where is XX?
For people and animals, imasu is used instead:
XX wa doko ni imasu ka. Where is XX?

mae     - front
ushiro  - back/behind
yoko    - next to/ along side
ue       - top/above
shita   - bottom/under
naka  - inside/middle
soto   - outside
aida   - between/interval
mukou  - beyond
tonari    - next door/neighboring
hidari gawa - left side
migi kawa - right side

Kuruma no ue ni imasu.  - It's on the car.
Kuruma no shita ni imasu.  - It's under the car.
Kuruma no naka ni arimasu. - It's in the car.

Jitensha de ginkou ni ikimashou. - Let's go to the bank by bicycle.

keiko-san wa shigatou o shite imasu - keiko-san doing work.
naniyo shite iru n desu ka? - what are you doing?


nani o shite imasuka - what are you doing?

いえに　だれか　いますか - ie ni dare ka imasuka - who is in the house?

Japanese Grammar Part2 - goto, gurai, kare, node

What is the difference between "goro" and "gurai"?

A. Both "goro （ごろ）" and "gurai （ぐらい）" are used to express approximation. However, "goro" is only used for a specific point in time to mean "approximately."

Sanji goro uchi ni kaerimasu.三時ごろうちに帰ります。	I will come home around three o'clock.
Rainen no sangatsu goro nihon ni ikimasu. 来年の三月ごろ日本に行きます。	I am going to Japan around March next year.

"Gurai （ぐらい）" is used for an approximate time period or quantity.

Ichi-jikan gurai machimashita.一時間ぐらい待ちました。	I waited for about an hour.
Eki made go-fun gurai desu.駅まで五分ぐらいです。	It takes about five minutes to get to the station.
Kono kutsu wa nisen en gurai deshita.この靴は二千円ぐらいでした。	These shoes were about 2,000 yen.
Hon ga gojussatsu gurai arimasu.本が五十冊ぐらいあります。	There are about 50 books.
Ano ko wa go-sai gurai deshou.あの子は五歳ぐらいでしょう。	That child is probably about five years old.

"Gurai （ぐらい）" can be replaced with "hodo （ほど）" or "yaku （約）," though "yaku" comes before the quantity unlike others.

Sanjuupun hodo hirune o shimashita.三十分ほど昼寝をしました。	I had a nap for about 30 minutes.
Yaku gosen-nin no kanshuu desu. 約五千人の観衆です。	There are about 5,000 in the audience.

What is the long dash that sometimes appears in Japanese writing?

The normal short vowel is written with only one symbol in both hiragana and katakana. However, when writing in katakana, the long vowel is expressed with a long dash. In a text written vertically, a vertical line is used instead of a straight line.   

apaatoアパート	apartment
biiru ビール	beer
puuruプール	pool
keekiケーキ	cake
koohii コーヒー	coffee

 What is the difference between "kara" and "node"?

A. The conjunction "kara （から）" and "node （ので）" both express reason or cause. While "kara" is used for reason or cause of a speaker's volition, opinion and so on, "node" is for existing (existed) action or situation.

Kino wa samukatta node uchi ni imashita.昨日は寒かったのでうちにいました。	Since it was cold, I stayed home.
Atama ga itakatta node gakkou o yasunda.頭が痛かったので学校を休んだ。	Since I had a headache, I didn't go to school.
Totemo shizukadatta node yoku nemuremashita.とても静かだったのでよく眠れました。	Since it was very quiet, I could sleep well.
Yoku benkyou shita node shiken ni goukaku shita.よく勉強したので試験に合格した。	Since I studied hard, I passed the examination.

The sentences expressing personal judgment such as speculation, suggestion, intention, request, opinion, volition, invitation, and so forth must take "kara （から）."

Kono kawa wa kitanai kara tabun sakana wa inai deshou.この川は汚いから たぶん魚はいないでしょう。	Since this river is polluted, there is probably no fish.
Mou osoi kara hayaku nenasai.もう遅いから早く寝なさい。	Go to bed, since it is getting late.
Kono hon wa totemo omoshiroi kara yonda hou ga ii.この本はとても面白いから 読んだほうがいい。	This book is very interesting, so you'd better to read it.
Kono kuruma wa furui kara atarashi kuruma ga hoshii desu.この車は古いから 新しい車が欲しいです。	This car is old, so I want a new car.
Samui kara mado o shimete kudasai.寒いから窓を閉めてください。	It is cold, so please close the window.

While "kara （から）" focuses more on the reason, "node （ので）" focuses more on the resulting effect. This is why the "kara" clause is used independently more often than "node".

Doushite okureta no. Densha ni nori okureta kara.どうして遅れたの。 電車に乗り遅れたから。

Why were you late? Because I missed the train.

"Kara （から）" can be immediately followed by "~ desu （～です）."

Atama ga itakatta kara desu.頭が痛かったからです。	Because I had a headache.
Atama ga itakatta node desu.頭が痛かったのでです。	Wrong

Furigana

Furigana (振り仮名^?) is a Japanese reading aid, consisting of smaller kana, or syllabic characters, printed next to a kanji (ideographic character) or other character to indicate its pronunciation. It is typically used to clarify rare, nonstandard or ambiguous readings, or in children's or learners' materials. It is most often written in hiragana, though katakana is used in certain special cases explained later in the article. In horizontal text,yokogaki, the furigana is placed above the line of text, while in vertical text, tategaki, it is placed to the right of the line of text, as illustrated below. It is one type of ruby text. Furigana is also known as yomigana (読み仮名^?) or rubi (ルビ^?) in Japanese.

漢 か ん 字 じ

or

かん じ 漢 字

These examples spell the word kanji, which is made up of two kanji characters: 漢 (kan, written in hiragana as かん), and 字 (ji, written in hiragana as じ).


Link : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furigana

Nishikasai- week3

Today Miyoi sensei took the class.

hokensho - health center
shouba - fire station
keisatsu - police station
kouban - police box
sho - place
saipansho - court

ooki- big
chiisai - small
hako - box
ooki hako - big box

omoi - heavy
karui - light weight/ not heavy
kaban- bag
ryokou kaban - travel bag
yaya omoi- lillte heavy
chotto heavy - little heavy

takai - height
kikui- short
seka takai - ?

shujin - husband
watashi no shujin wa seka kikui desu - my husband is short.
tsuma - wife
okusan - wife
watashi no tsuma wa kirei - my wife is beautiful.

Other than husband should not use the word 'tsuma'. Only husband can use call his wife 'tsuma'. Other people should call as 'okusan'.


samushi - missing/ lonely
yonban - 4th

takai -  expensive
yasui- cheap

Note:
Japanese adjectives ends with 'i'

atsui - hot
samui - cold
atsui koucha - hot tea
arsui ocha- hot green tea

sumetai - cold(use to relate with things)
kakigoori - grinded ice
kaki - grinding
gori -ice

toori - street
ooki dori - big street -road

teoi - far
chikai - near
hayai - fast
osoi - slow

hikouki - airplan
fune - ship

yasashi -easy
muzukashi - difficult

oishi - tasty
mazui - not tasty

atatakai - warm
suzushi - cold but not heavy/ normal cold/ chillness

sukina - like/favorite
sukina cake - favorite cake
sukina ongaku- favorite music

kiraina- dislike
isogashi - Busy
himana - free/boring
Jouzuna - well/good at

watashi wa uta ga jouzu desu - I am good at singing.
uto ga jouzuna hito - good singing person
hetana- not good
kireina - beautiful/ clean
genkina - cheerful / energetic
genkina hito - energetic person

akeru - open
tojiru - close


Count Little soft/hard materials like pen, tree:

ippon -1
nihon -2
sampon -3
yomhon -4
gohon -5
roppon -6
nanahon
happon
hachihon
kyuhon
juppon
1,3, 6 and 10 reads differently.

Ki ga happon arimasu - there are 8 trees.
Pen wo gohon kudasai - 5 Pen please.

Learn easy Sentences

nakamura-san wa shimada-san wo mimasu-Mr.Nakamura sees Mr.Shimada.
dare wa susi wo tabemasu- who eat susi?
shimada san no hon  desu - Mr. Shimada's book.
toukyo ga nihon ni arimasu- tokyo is in japan
densha wa eki ni arimasi - Train is at the station

tsuki-arrive ?

nakamura-san wa shimada-san ni hon wo agemasu - nakamura gives book to shimada.
nakamura-san wa toukyo e ikimasu- nakamura goes to tokyo

watashi wa hon de kami de enbitsu wo kaimasu- I buy a book, paper and pencil.

shimada-san wa tagami wo kakimasu - shimada writes a letter
nakamura-san wa mainishi susi wo tabemasen - nakamura daily doesn't eat susi.

inu ga mizu wo nomimasendesita- dog did not drink water.
mori-san wa tegami wo kakimasita - Mr.Mori wrote a letter

watashi wa hon wo mikkemashita - i found a book
kare wa toukyo ni kimasendeshita - he did no come to tokyo.

augustine-san wa sofy-san wo aishimasu- augustine loves sofy.


hon wa ooki desu- the book is big
jitensha wa osoidesu - bicycle is slow
inu wa furui desu- the dog is old

hon wa ookikatta desu - the book was big
jitensha wa osokatta desu - bucycle was slow
inu wa furukatta desu - dog was old

hon wa ookikunai desu - the book is not big
jitensha wa osokunai desu - bicycle is not slow
inu wa furukunai desu - dog is not old

hon wa ookikuarimasen desu- book was not big
jitensha wa oosokuarimasen desu- bicycle was not slow
inu wa furukunakatta desu - dog was not old
tofu wa akakunakatta desu - tofu was not red

sumimasen ga, kore wa ikura desu ka - Excuse me, where is toilet?
When you are asking a question to someone, normally you will say "excuse me" first, then you ask the question. In Japanese, you will normally put すみませんが (sumimasen ga) as some kind of introduction before you ask the actual question.

yuube sushi wo tabamashita ga, totemo oishikatta desu
Meaning: I ate sushi last night, it was very delicious.

moshimoshi, tanaka desu ga, yamada san wa imasu ka
Meaning: Hello, this is Tanaka speaking, is Mr Yamada around? (May I speak to Mr Yamada?)

asoko ni takai biru ga miemasu ga, are wa nan desu ka
Meaning: We can see a tall building over there, what is that building?

watashi wa konban inu to terebi wo mimasu
Meaning: I am going to watch television with my dog tonight.

(watashi wa hitori de honya e ikimasu)
Meaning: I go to the bookshop alone.

watashi wa tomodachi to basu de gakkou e ikimasu
Meaning: I go to school by bus with my friend.
watashi wa jitensha de kaisha e ikimasu
Meaning: I go to office by bicycle.

chichi wa mainichi eki de shinbun wo kaimasu
Meaning: My father buys newspaper at the station every day.
watashi wa hashi de gohan wo tabemasu
Meaning: I eat the meal with the chopsticks.
watashi wa nihongo de tegami wo kakimasu
Meaning: I write letter in Japanese.
ooame de ki ga taoremashita
Meaning: The tree fell down due to heavy rain.


Watashi wa watashinotomodachi to nihongo de hanashite iru
I am talking in japanese with my friends

seikaku ni tadhashi -exactly correct

Basic Kanji

Japanese Kanji Level-4 or Basic Kanji

The ancient characters adopted from the Chinese. They each convey an idea, and are used for nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. This collection of more than 7,000 characters usually has double meanings for each one, depending on the context and position in the sentence.

Kanji have two sorts of readings, i.e. ways of being pronounced: "on" readings and "kun" readings.

The "on" readings are based loosely on the original Chinese pronunciation of the kanji, and are typically used when a kanji is part of a compound, i.e. written with at least one other kanji to form a word.

The "kun" reading is used when kanji are used on their own, either as complete nouns in their own right or as adjective and verb stems.

On-readings are typically used when a kanji forms part of a compound word (usually a noun); kun-readings are normally used for single kanji, either as words in their own right, or as the stems of adjectives or verbs. Adjectives and verbs typically consist of a kanji followed by a hiragana suffix.

Take Note: There are exceptions to this rule. Most kanji have at least one on-reading and one kun-reading each, but plenty have no kun-reading and a few have no on-reading. Some use kun-readings, not on-readings, to make compounds. You just have to learn them case by case.

Kanji are inflected by hiragana that follow and particles give the case. Most words are written using kanji, though some have none and loan-words from other languages are generally written in katakana. The large number of homophones makes it highly desirable to use kanji and knowing them can help with memorising new words.

Note that writing kanji skillfully is significantly harder than reading kanji skillfully, since one must recall characters, not simply recognize them. Further, with Input Methods allowing one to write Japanese on a computer phonetically (by recognizing the kanji, not needing to produce them), the practical need for kanji writing skills is lower than in the past, but it is still fundamental to mastery of Japanese.

It is not simply an issue of memorizing 1,945 characters (or more for names) – the same character is pronounced in different ways and used in different contexts. Kanji are simply a large amount of data, and this is best learned over a long period of time.

here are three aspects to a particular kanji:

form

The character shape – the strokes.

sound

The pronunciations, of which there are generally many.

meaning

The meanings, both of the individual kanji and its combinations.

There are a number of ways to learn the kanji. Rather than pick one, try to see how each of these works for you and combine them in your study.

One will learn kanji that make up a given word at the same time – for example, one will learn the word 日本 (Nihon, Japan) and, at the same time, the characters 日 (nichi, ni, sun) and 本 (hon, root).

Onyomi

Onyomi (音読み) is the Chinese-derived reading, which is most commonly used in compound words and for the numbers.

It may be useful to note that in most kanji databases, the on reading is written in katakana instead of hiragana.

一 (イチ), 二 (ニ), 三 (サン), 四 (シ) are the first four numbers and all are onyomi.

Kunyomi

Kunyomi (訓読み) is the Japanese reading, which can be read as a separate word or can be used in compounds.

This reading is generally written in hiragana in kanji lists.

月 (つき, tsuki) and 日 (ひ, hi) are the moon and sun and are in kunyomi.

JLPT5 Link: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Kanji

http://nihongoichiban.com/2011/04/30/complete-list-of-vocabulary-for-the-jlpt-n5/

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Japanese/Kanji/Lesson_12

http://www.tanoshiijapanese.com/lessons/index.cfm

http://www.learn-japanese.info/lesson20.html

Nishikasai- Week 2

Todays learning:
naka - center
naka - inside; soto-outside
ue- up side;  shita- downside
migi - right side; hidari - left side
dekuchi - exit; irikuchi - entrance
se - back side; senaka - back side of body
mae - front side

yomu - read; yomimasu - read(polite form)
kaku - write; kakimasu
kiku- listern ; kikimasu

domo arigatou - you can just say 'domo'.
 arigatou is understood here.

miru - watch/see; mimasu

yoku miru - watch carefully
yoku kiku - listen carefully

kau - buy; kaimasu
nomu - drink; nomimasu

taberu - eat; tabemasu
kakeru- call; kakemasu

denwa wo kakeru - making telephone call

tegami - letter
tegami wo kakimasu - writing letter
ongaku - music
ongaku wo kikimasu - listening music
terabi wo mimasu- watching television
hana wo kaimasu - buying flower
mizu wo nomimasu - drinking water
gohan wo tabemasu - eating rice

iku - go ; ikimasu
kuru- come ; kimasu
kaeru - return/go back ; kaerimasu
okiru -wake up ; okimasu
meru - sleep ; memasu

unten suru - driving
unten shimasu - driving (polite form)
sentaku suru - washing
sentaku shimasu
souji suru - cleaning
souji shimasu - cleaning

suru - doing
shimasu -doing (polite form)



youbinkyoku e ikimasu - going to post office
gakkou e ikimasu - going to school
kaisha - company
resutorant - restaurant
kankoku - korea
indo - india
amerika- america
indo kara kimasu - coming from india

obemasitta ka-  do u remember?


kado - corner
pleast turn left at next corner- tsugi no kado o hidari e magatea kudasai

tomete - stop
soko de tomete kudasai - please stop there.

tsukatte - use
kono tsukue o tsukatte kudasai - please use the table. (tsukue - table)

Japanese Grammer -ni, e, yori, de, desu, da,, no, ni, ku, kuteno,

Particle に (ni) and へ (e)

These two particles are used to express a direction, whereas に (ni) defines a precise location and へ (e) more an area.
1. Precise location:

Kanji	私は会社に行きます。
Furigana	わたしはかいしゃにいきます。
Romaji	watashi wa kaisha ni ikimasu.
English	I go to my company.

2. Area:

Kanji	私は来年日本へ行きます。
Furigana	わたしはらいねんにほんへいきます。
Romaji	watashi wa rainen nihon e ikimasu.
English	I will go to Japan next year.

Particle を (wo/o)

This particle is used to express accusative.

Kanji	私は御飯を食べます。
Furigana	わたしはごはんをたべます。
Romaji	watashi wa gohan o tabemasu.
English	I eat rice.

Particle より (yori)

This particle can be used in two situations expressing a comparison or having the meaning “from”.

1. Comparison:

In this case the particle より (yori) is used to compare two nouns with each other.

Kanji	金は銀より高いです。
Furigana	きんはぎんよりたかいです。
Romaji	kin wa gin yori takai desu.
English	Gold is more expensive than silver.

2. Meaning “from”:

In this case the particle より (yori) is used to express receiving something from someone else. It can be used as an alternative to the Particle から (kara).

Kanji	この本は先生より貰いました。
Furigana	このほんはせんせいよりもらいました。
Romaji	kono hon wa sensei yori moraimashita,
English	I received this book from my teacher.

Particle で (de)

1. Place of action:

Kanji	私は事務室で働きます。
Furigana	わたしはじむしつではたらきます。
Romaji	watashi wa jimushitsu de hatarakimasu.
English	I work in the office.

2. Means: 

Kanji	私は電車で帰ります。
Furigana	わたしはでんしゃでかえります。
Romaji	watashi wa densha de kaerimasu.
English	I return home by train.

3. Material: 

Kanji	この建物は材木で出来ています。
Furigana	このたてものはざいもくでできています。
Romaji	kono tatemono wa zaimoku de dekite imasu.
English	This building is made of wood.

4. Sum:

Kanji	全部で千円です。
Furigana	ぜんぶでせんえんです。
Romaji	zenbu de sen en desu.
English	The total is 1,000 Yen.

NOUN + DESU (です）

Kanji	私は日本人です。
Furigana	わたしはにほんじんです。
Romaji	watashi wa nihonjin desu.
English	I am Japanese.

---

NOUN + DEWA arimasen (ではありません)

Kanji	私は日本人ではありません。
Furigana	わたしはにほんじんではありません。
Romaji	watashi wa nihonjin dewa arimasen.
English	I am not Japanese.

---

NOUN + DESHITA (でした)

Kanji	昨日は日曜日でした。
Furigana	きのうはにちようびでした。
Romaji	kinou wa nichiyoubi deshita.
English	Yesterday was sunday.

---

NOUN + DEwa arimasen deSHITA (ではありませんでした)

Kanji	昨日は休みの日ではありませんでした。
Furigana	きのうはやすみのひではありませんでした。
Romaji	kinou wa yasumi no hi dewa arimasen deshita.
English	Yesterday was not a vacation day.

---

NOUN + DA (だ)

Kanji	私は学生だ。
Furigana	わたしはがくせいだ。
Romaji	watashi wa gakusei da.
English	I am a student.

---

NOUN + Dewa nai (ではない)

Kanji	私は日本人ではないです。
Furigana	わたしはにほんじんではないです。
Romaji	watashi wa nihonjin dewa nai desu.
English	I am not Japanese.

---

NOUN + datta (だった)

Kanji	昨日は休みの日だった。
Furigana	きのうはやすみのひだった。
Romaji	kinou wa yasumi no hi datta.
English	yesterday was a vacation day.

---

NOUN + dewa nakatta (ではなかった)

Kanji	昨日は休みの日ではなかった。
Furigana	きのうはやすみのひではなかった。
Romaji	kinou wa yasumi no hi dewa nakatta.
English	yesterday was not a vacation day.

---

NOUN + DE (で)

Kanji	私は学生で友達は先生です。
Furigana	わたしはがくせいでともだちはせんせいです。
Romaji	watashi wa gakusei de tomodachi wa sensei desu.
English	I am a student and my friend is teacher.

---

NOUN + NO (の) + NOUN

Kanji	これは先生の本です。
Furigana	これはせんせいのほんです。
Romaji	kore wa sensei no hon desu.
English	This is the teacher’s book.

---

NOUN + NO (の)

Kanji	この本は私のです。
Furigana	このほんはわたしのです。
Romaji	kono hon wa watashi no desu.
English	The book there is mine.

Place + NI + NOUN + Aru / iru

Kanji	机の上に本があります。
Furigana	つくえのうえにほんがあります。
Romaji	tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.
English	There is a book on the table.

---

Place + NI + NOUN + COUNTER + Aru / iru

Kanji	机の上に本が三冊あります。
Furigana	つくえのうえにほんがさんさつあります。
Romaji	tsukue no ue ni hon ga sansatsu arimasu.
English	There are three books on the table.

---

NOUN + WA + place + NI + ARU / IRU

Kanji	本は机の上にあります。
Furigana	ほんはつくえのうえにあります。
Romaji	hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu.
English	The book is on the table.

Grammar of adjectives for JLPT N5

This is a collection of grammar for JLPT N5 related to the correct use of adjectives. You will find the theory as well as concrete examples. Click on the header for each grammar for to get more details.

i-Adjective + です

Kanji	この本は面白いです。
Furigana	このほんはおもしろいです。
Romaji	kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.
English	This book is interesting.

---

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanji	この本は面白くないです。
Furigana	このほんはおもしろくないです。
Romaji	kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
English	This book is not interesting.

---

i-Adjective + くない + です

Kanji	この本は面白くないです。
Furigana	このほんはおもしろくないです。
Romaji	kono hon wa omoshirokunai desu.
English	This book is not interesting.

---

i-Adjective + くなかった + です

Kanji	この本は面白くなかったです。
Furigana	このほんはおもしろくなかったです。
Romaji	kono hon wa omoshirokunakatta desu.
English	This book was not interesting.

---

i-Adjective + くて

Kanji	この本は厚くて面白いです。
Furigana	このほんはあつくておもしろいです。
Romaji	kono hon wa atsukute omoshiroi desu.
English	This book is thick and interesting.

---

i-Adjective + く + Verb

Kanji	友達と楽しく遊びました。
Furigana	ともだちとたのしくあそびました。
Romaji	tomodachi to tanoshiku asobimashita.
English	I played joyfully with my friend.

---

i-Adjective + NOUN

Kanji	これは面白い本です。
Furigana	これはおもしろいほんです。
Romaji	kore wa omoshiroi hon desu.
English	This is an interesting book.

---

i-Adjective + の

Kanji	赤いのはいくらですか？
Furigana	あかいのはいくらですか？
Romaji	akai no wa ikura desuka?
English	How much is the red one?

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + です

Kanji	このスカートはきれいです。
Furigana	このスカートはきれいです。
Romaji	kono sukaato wa kirei desu.
English	This skirt is beautiful.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありません

Kanji	このスカートはきれいではありません。
Furigana	このスカートはきれいではありません。
Romaji	kono sukaato wa kirei dewa arimasen.
English	This skirt is not beautiful.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + でした

Kanji	このレストランはきれいでした。
Furigana	このレストランはきれいでした。
Romaji	kono resutoran wa kirei deshita.
English	This was a beautiful restaurant.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではありませんでした

Kanji	このレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Furigana	このレストランはきれいではありませんでした。
Romaji	kono resutoran wa kirei dewa arimasen deshita.
English	This was not a beautiful restaurant.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではない

Kanji	このレストランはきれいではないです。
Furigana	このレストランはきれいではないです。
Romaji	kono resutoran wa kirei dewa nai desu.
English	This is not a beautiful restaurant.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + ではなかった

Kanji	このレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Furigana	このレストランはきれいではなかったです。
Romaji	kono resutoran wa kirei dewa nakatta desu.
English	This was not a beautiful restaurant.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + で

Kanji	あの人は元気で優しいです。
Furigana	あのひとはげんきでやさしいです。
Romaji	ano hito wa genki de yasashii desu.
English	That person is lively and gentle.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + に + verb

Kanji	あの人は漢字を上手に書けます。
Furigana	あのひとはかんじをじょうずにかけます。
Romaji	ano hito wa kanji o jouzu ni kakemasu.
English	That person is good at writing kanji.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + な + noun

Kanji	あの人は元気な人です。
Furigana	あのひとはげんきなひとです。
Romaji	ano hito wa genki na hito desu.
English	This person is a lively person.

---

NOUN + NA-adjective + の

Kanji	きれいなのを買いました。
Furigana	きれいなのをかいました。
Romaji	kireina no o kaimashita.
English	I bought the beautiful one.

All about Japanese Particles

Japanese particles are small words that indicate relations of words within a sentence. They follow other words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives are parts of a sentence. Some but not all can be compared to prepositions in English. The Japanese language uses a total of 188 particles.

List of 188 Japanese particles

No	Particle	Meaning / usage
1	は (wa)	Indicantes the topic of a sentence
2	か (ka)	At the end of a sentence indicating a question
3	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of a sentence
4	に (ni)	Indicates a location
5	の (no)	Indicates possession
6	は (wa)	Indicates a contrast between 2 items
7	に (ni)	Indicates time or frequency
8	へ (e)	Indicates direction
9	を (wo/o)	Indicates the direct object of a verb
10	と (to)	Used to connect and list up multiple items
11	や (ya)	Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
12	など (nado)	Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items
13	も (mo)	means “too”, “either”, “also”
14	も (mo)	both…and…, neither…nor…
15	に (ni)	Indicates the indirect object of a verb
16	に (ni)	Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
17	で (de)	Indicates the location of an action
18	と (to)	Together with
19	の (no)	Indicates an apposition
20	から (kara)	Indicates a starting point in time or place
21	より (yori)	Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
22	まで (made)	Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
23	くらい (kurai)	Indicates an approximate amount
24	ほど (hodo)	Indicates an approximate amount
25	ばかり(bakari)	Indicates an approximate amount
26	で (de)	Indicates a means or material
27	か (ka)	Indicates a choice or alternative
28	を (wo/o)	Indicates a point of departure
29	を (wo/o)	Indicates a route of a movement/motion
30	に (ni)	Indicates a point of arrival
31	に (ni)	Indicates an entering motion
32	に (ni)	Used together with a verb to express a purpose
33	と (to)	Used when quoting someone
34	と いう (to iu)	Indicates the name of something
35	とか (toka)	“something like”
36	で (de)	Indicates a limit or scope
37	と (to)	Indicates a comparison
38	より (yori)	Indicates a comparison
39	より (yori)	Indicates superlative
40	くらい (kurai)	Indicates a comparison
41	ほど (hodo)	Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
42	か (ka)	someone, something
43	も (mo)	“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
44	に (ni)	Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
45	をする (wo/o suru)	Expresses an occupation or position
46	でも (demo)	Indicates emphasis
47	でも (demo)	Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
48	で (de)	Indicates a cause or a reason
49	から (kara)	Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
50	に (ni)	Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
51	は (wa) + が (ga)	Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
52	が (ga)	Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”
53	を (wo/o)	Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
54	で (de)	Indicates a state / condition of something
55	で (de)	Limits numbers
56	だけ (dake)	Indicates a limit on things or amounts
57	だけ (dake)	Indicates a limit on an action or state
58	で (de)	Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
59	でも (demo)	Following a noun, means “or something like this”
60	も (mo)	Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
61	でも (demo)	Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
62	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
63	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates an action was just completed
64	ところ (tokoro)	Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
65	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
66	から (kara)	conjunction meaning “after” or “since”
67	ながら (nagara)	Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
68	が (ga)	Indicates the subject of a relative clause
69	の (no)	Indicates the subject of a relative clause
70	から (kara)	Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
71	ので (node)	Indicates a strong reason
72	の (no)	Indicates a modified pronoun
73	の (no)	Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
74	なら (nara)	Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
75	なら (nara)	Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
76	と (to)	Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
77	ば (ba)	Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
78	ばいい (ba)	“all you have to do…”
79	ば (ba)	Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
80	たら (tara)	Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
81	たら (tara)	Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
82	ところ (tokoro)	Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
83	ても (temo)	a conjunction meaning “even if”
84	ても (temo)	Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
85	ても (temo)	Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
86	ては (tewa)	Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
87	のみ (nomi)	Indicates a limit (similar to だけ　dake)
88	まで (made)	“even”, used to emphasize
89	さえ (sae)	“even”, used to emphasize
90	さえ (sae)	“if only” or “as long as”
91	のに (noni)	“although”, “in spite of the fact that”
92	ながら (nagara)	“although”, “though”, “but”
93	とか (toka)	Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
94	たり (tari)	List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
95	たり (tari)	Indicates actions or states that alternate
96	のに (noni)	Indicates a purpose or function
97	のです (no desu)	Asks for an explanation or reason
98	きり (kiri)	Indicates a limit to an amount
99	きり (kiri)	Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
100	とも (tomo)	Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
101	ながら (nagara)	Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
102	しか (shika)	Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
103	しかない (shika nai)	used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
104	し (shi)	Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
105	し (shi)	Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
106	とも (tomo)	Indicates inclusion
107	に (ni)	Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
108	か (ka)	Indicates uncertainty about something
109	か (ka)	Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
110	だの (dano)	Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
111	だの (dano)	Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
112	など (nado)	“something to the effect”
113	やら (yara)	Indicates two or more items of a longer list
114	やら (yara)	Indicates uncertainty
115	ても (temo)	Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
116	とも (tomo)	Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
117	は (wa)	Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
118	と (to)	Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
119	など (nado)	Indicates examples
120	くらい (kurai)	Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
121	ほど (hodo)	Indicates the extend of an action or condition
122	ほど (hodo)	“the more… the more…”
123	だけ (dake)	“as… as…”
124	だけ (dake)	“the more… the more…”
125	と (to)	“about to do something”, “trying to do something”
126	と (to)	“even if…”, “whether… or not”
127	なり (nari)	“either…”, “whether…or”
128	なり (nari)	“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”
129	こそ (koso)	Emphasizes the word preceding it
130	こそ (koso)	Emphasizes a reason or a cause
131	ては (tewa)	Expresses repetition of an action
132	に (ni)	Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
133	に (ni)	Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
134	にしては (ni shite wa)	Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
135	にとって (ni totte)	Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
136	について (ni tsuite)	“about”, “concerning” something or someone
137	とも…とも (tomo… tomo)	“can’t say whether… or…”
138	が (ga)	“even if”, “whether… or not”
139	は (wa)	Emphasizes contrasting elements
140	として (toshite)	Indicates status, capacity or function
141	として (toshite)	Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
142	ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)	“not only… but also”
143	だけ (dake)	used to express “not only…but also”
144	のみ (nomi)	used to express “not only…but also”
145	なり (nari)	“as soon as”
146	がはやいか (ga hayai ka)	“as soon as”
147	やいなや (ya ina ya)	“as soon as”
148	かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)	“no sooner had”, “hardly had”
149	ばかり (bakari)	Indicates the only action left to do
150	ばかりに (bakari ni)	Emphasizes a reason or cause
151	すら (sura)	Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”
152	など (nado)	Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
153	とも (tomo)	“no matter what”, “even if”
154	ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)	To express that someone did something not to be expected
155	どころか (dokoro ka)	“far from”, “not to mention”
156	だけに (dake ni)	Indicates a cause or reason
157	までもない (made mo nai)	“there is no need to…”
158	ものの (mono no)	“but” or “although”
159	ところで (tokoro de)	“even if”
160	けれども (keredomo)	Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”
161	けれども (keredomo)	Indicates a preliminary remark
162	が (ga)	Used to soften a statement or refusal
163	けれども (keredomo)	Indicates a desire
164	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
165	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
166	ね (ne)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
167	ねえ (nee)	At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
168	よ (yo)	At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
169	よ (yo)	At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
170	かしら (kashira)	At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
171	かな (kana)	At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
172	な (na)	At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
173	な (na)	At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
174	なあ (naa)	At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
175	なあ (naa)	At the end of a sentence to express a desire
176	の (no)	At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
177	わ (wa)	At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
178	さ (sa)	At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
179	こと (koto)	At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
180	こと (koto)	At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
181	もの (mono)	At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
182	とも (tomo)	At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
183	ものか (monoka)	At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
184	や (ya)	At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
185	たら (tara)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
186	やら (yara)	At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
187	ぜ (ze)	At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
188	ぞ (zo)	At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself